C o M e C S - Project 
Comet and Meteorite Materials - Studied by
Chemometrics of Spectroscopic
Data
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COSIMA on
Rosetta: Selected Publications
Last change 180425 [ COSIMA - Menu ] [ CoMeCS Start ]
Compiled by Kurt Varmuza
< Most recent paper first >
Anaďs Bardyn, Donia Baklouti, Hervé Cottin, Nicolas Fray, Christelle Briois, John Paquette,
Oliver Stenzel, Cécile Engrand,
Henning Fischer, Klaus Hornung, Robin Isnard, Yves Langevin, Harry Lehto, Léna Le Roy, Nicolas Ligier, Sihane Merouane, Paola Modica, François-Régis Orthous-Daunay, Jouni Rynö, Rita Schulz, Johan Silén, Laurent Thirkell, Kurt Varmuza, Boris Zaprudin, Jochen Kissel, Martin Hilchenbach:
MNRAS (Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society), 469, Suppl_2, S712-S722
(2017)
Carbon-rich dust in
comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured by COSIMA/Rosetta.
Abstract.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2640
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Oliver J. Stenzel, Martin Hilchenbach, Sihane Merouane, John Paquette, Kurt Varmuza,
Cécile Engrand, Franz Brandstätter,
Christian Koeberl, Ludovic Ferričre, Peter Filzmoser, Sandra
Siljeström:
MNRAS (Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society), 469, Suppl_2, S492-S505
(2017)
Similarities in element content between comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko coma dust and selected meteorite
samples.
Abstract.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1908
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Martin Hilchenbach, Henning Fischer, Yves Langevin, Sihane
Merouane, John Paquette, Jouni Rynö, Oliver Stenzel, Christelle Briois, Jochen
Kissel, Andreas Koch, Rita Schulz, Johan Silén,
Nicolas Altobelli, Donia Baklouti, Anais Bardyn, Hervé Cottin, Cécile Engrand, Nicolas Fray, Gerhard Haerendel,
Hartmut Henkel, Herwig Höfner,
Klaus Hornung, Harry Lehto,
Eva Maria Mellado, Paola Modica,
Lena Le Roy, Sandra Siljeström, Wolfgang Steiger, Laurent Thirkell, Roger
Thomas, Klaus Torkar, Kurt Varmuza,
Boris Zaprudin:
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 375: 20160255, 1-16 (2017)
Mechanical and
electrostatic experiments with dust particles collected in the inner coma of
comet 67P by COSIMA onboard Rosetta.
Abstract. Paper: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0255
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Nicolas Fray, Anais Bardyn,
Hervé Cottin, Donia Baklouti, Christelle Briois, Cécile Engrand, Henning
Fischer, Klaus Hornung, Robin
Isnard, Yves Langevin, Harry
Lehto, Lena Le Roy, Eva
Maria Mellado, Sihane Merouane, Paola Modica, Francois
Régis Orthous-Daunay, John
Paquette, Jouni Rynö, Rita
Schulz, Johan Silén, Sandra Siljeström,
Oliver Stenzel, Laurent Thirkell, Kurt Varmuza, Boris
Zaprudin, Jochen Kissel, Martin Hilchenbach:
MNRAS (Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society), 469, S506-S516 (2017).
Nitrogen-to-carbon
atomic ratio measured by COSIMA in the particles of comet
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
Abstract. Paper:
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2002
___________________________________________________________________
MNRAS
462, S323–S330 (2016) - Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2844
This
paper reviews the current knowledge on the composition of cometary dust (ice,
minerals and organics) in order to constrain their origin and formation
mechanisms. Comets have been investigated by astronomical observations, space
missions (Giotto to Rosetta), and by the analysis of cometary
dust particles collected on Earth, chondritic porous interplanetary dust
particles (CP-IDPs) and ultracarbonaceous
Antarctic micrometeorites (UCAMMs).
Most
ices detected in the dense phases of the interstellar medium (ISM) have been
identified in cometary volatiles. However, differences also suggest that
cometary ices cannot be completely inherited from the ISM.
Cometary
minerals are dominated by crystalline Mg-rich silicates, Fe sulphides
and glassy phases including GEMS (glass with embedded metals and sulphides). The crystalline nature and refractory
composition of a significant fraction of the minerals in comets imply a high
temperature formation/processing close to the proto-Sun, resetting a possible presolar signature of these phases. These minerals were
further transported up to the external regions of the disc and incorporated in
comet nuclei. Cometary matter contains a low abundance of isotopically
anomalous minerals directly inherited from the presolar
cloud.
At
least two different kinds of organic matter are found in dust of cometary
origin, with low or high nitrogen content. N-poor organic matter is also
observed in primitive interplanetary materials (like carbonaceous chondrites)
and its origin is debated. The N-rich organic matter is only observed in
CP-IDPs and UCAMMs and can be formed by Galactic cosmic ray irradiation of N2-
and CH4-rich icy surface at large heliocentric distance beyond a ‘nitrogen snow
line’.
Key
words: comets:
general – interplanetary medium –meteorites, meteors, meteoroids – minor
planets, asteroids: general – ISM: abundances – dust, extinction.
___________________________________________________________________
Planetary and Space Science 133 (2016 ) 63–75
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063315300957
Soon after the arrival of the ROSETTA
spacecraft at Comet 67/PChuryumov-Gerasimenko the on
board instrument COSIMA (“Cometary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer”) collected a
large number of cometary dust particles on targets from gold black of thickness
between 10 and 30 μm.
Inspection by its camera subsystem revealed
that many of them consist of smaller units of typically some tens of
micrometers in size. The collection process left the smaller dust particles in
an essentially unaltered state where as most particles larger than about 100 μm got fragmented into smaller pieces.
Using the observed fragment size
distributions, the present paper includes a first assessment of the strength
for those dust particles that were disrupted upon impact.
___________________________________________________________________
M. Hilchenbach, J. Kissel,
Y. Langevin, C. Briois, H.
von Hoerner, A. Koch, R. Schulz, J. Silén, K. Altwegg, L. Colangeli, H. Cottin, C. Engrand, H. Fischer, A. Glasmachers,
E. Grün, G. Haerendel, H.
Henkel, H. Höfner, K. Hornung,
E.K. Jessberger, H. Lehto, K. Lehto, F. Raulin, L. Le Roy, J. Rynö, W. Steiger, T. Stephan, L. Thirkell,
R. Thomas, K. Torkar, K. Varmuza,
K.P. Wanczek, N. Altobelli, D. Baklouti, A. Bardyn, N. Fray, H. Krüger, N. Ligier, Z. Lin, P. Martin, S. Merouane,
F.R. Orthous-Daunay, J.
Paquette, C. Revillet, S. Siljeström,
O. Stenzel, B. Zaprudin:
The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 816:L32
(2016)
doi:10.3847/2041-8205/816/2/L32
Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko: Close-up on dust particle fragments.
Abstract. Paper:
http://stacks.iop.org/2041-8205/816/L32
___________________________________________________________________
Nicolas
Fray, Anaďs Bardyn, Hervé Cottin, Kathrin Altwegg, Donia Baklouti, Christelle Briois, Luigi Colangeli, Cécile Engrand, Henning Fischer, Albrecht Glasmachers,
Eberhard Grün, Gerhard Haerendel,
Hartmut Henkel, Herwig Höfner,
Klaus Hornung, Elmar K. Jessberger, Andreas Koch, Harald Krüger,
Yves Langevin, Harry Lehto,
Kirsi Lehto, Léna Le Roy, Sihane Merouane, Paola Modica, François-Régis Orthous-Daunay, John
Paquette, François Raulin, Jouni
Rynö, Rita Schulz, Johan Silén,
Sandra Siljeström, Wolfgang Steiger,
Oliver Stenzel, Thomas Stephan, Laurent Thirkell, Roger Thomas, Klaus Torkar,
Kurt Varmuza, Karl-Peter Wanczek,
Boris Zaprudin, Jochen Kissel, Martin Hilchenbach:
Nature 528, 72-74 (2016). doi:10.1038/nature19320
High-molecular-weight
organic matter in the particles of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
Abstract.
[ Nature-HTML
] [ Nature-PDF
]
___________________________________________________________________
Icarus 271 (2016) 76–97
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103516000403
The COSIMA mass spectrometer on board the ROSETTA orbiter has
collected dust in the near coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
since August 11, 2014. The collected dust particles are identified by taking images
with a microscope (COSISCOPE) under grazing incidence illumination before and
after exposure of the target to cometary dust. More than 10,000 dust particles
>14μm in size collected from August 11, 2014 to April 3, 2015 have been
detected on three distinct target assemblies, including ∼500 dust particles with sizes ranging from 50 to
more than 500μm, that can be resolved by COSISCOPE (pixel size 14μm).
During this period, the heliocentric distance decreased from 3.5AU to less than
2AU.
The collection efficiency on targets covered with “metal black”
has been very high, due to the low relative velocity of incoming dust.
Therefore, the COSISCOPE observations provide the first optical
characterization of an unbiased sample of particles collected in the inner coma
of a comet. The typology of particles >100μm in size is dominated by
clusters with a wide range of structure and strength, most originating from the
disruption of large aggregates (>1mm in size) shortly before collection. A
generic relationship between these clusters and IDPs/Antarctic meteorites is
likely in the framework of accretion models. About 15% of particles larger than
100μm are compact particles with two likely contributions, one being
linked to clusters and another leaving the cometary nucleus as single compact
particles.
___________________________________________________________________
Rita Schulz,
Martin Hilchenbach, Yves Langevin,
Jochen Kissel, Johan Silen, Christelle Briois, Cecile Engrand, Klaus Hornung, Donia Baklouti, Anaiıs Bardyn, Hervé Cottin,
Henning Fischer, Nicolas Fray, Marie Godard, Harry Lehto,
Léna Le Roy, Sihane Merouane, François-Régis Orthous-Daunay, John Paquette, Jouni
Rynö, Sandra Siljeström,
Oliver Stenzel, Laurent Thirkell, Kurt Varmuza,
Boris Zaprudin:
Nature 518,
216-218 (2015)
Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
sheds dust coat accumulated over the past four years.
Abstract. [ TU News in German ]
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7538/full/nature14159.html
___________________________________________________________________
Silén, J., Cottin, H., Hilchenbach,
M., Kissel, J., Lehto, H., Siljeström,
S., Varmuza,
K.:
Geosci. Instrum. Method.
Data Syst., 4, 45-56 (2015).
DOI:10.5194/gi-4-45-2015.
COSIMA
data analysis using multivariate techniques.
Abstract. PDF. http://www.geosci-instrum-method-data-syst-discuss.net/4/455/2014/gid-4-455-2014.html
___________________________________________________________________
Planetary
and Space Science 105 (2015) 1–25
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063314002657
On the orbiter of the Rosetta
space craft, the Cometary Secondary Ion Mass Analyser
(COSIMA) will provide new in situ insights about the
chemical composition of cometary grains all along 67P/ Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P/CG ) journey until the end of December
2015 nominally. The aim of this paper is to present the pre-calibration which
has already been performed as well as the different methods which have been
developed in order to facilitate the interpretation of the COSIMA mass spectra
and more especially of their organic content.
The first step was to establish
a mass spectra library in positive and negative ion mode of targeted molecules
and to determine the specific features of each compound and chemical family
analyzed. As the exact nature of the refractory cometary organic matter is
nowadays unknown, this library is obviously not exhaustive. Therefore this
library has also been the starting point for the research of indicators, which
enable to highlight the presence of compounds containing specific atom or
structure. These indicators correspond to the intensity ratio of specific peaks
in the mass spectrum. They have allowed us to identify sample containing
nitrogen atom, aliphatic chains or those containing polyaromatic
hydrocarbons. From these indicators, a preliminary calibration line, from which
the N/C ratio could be derived, has also been established. The research of
specific mass difference could also be helpful to identify peaks related to
quasi-molecular ions in an unknown mass spectrum. The Bayesian Positive Source
Separation (BPSS) technique will also be very helpful for data analysis. This
work is the starting point for the analysis of the cometary refractory organic
matter. Nevertheless, calibration work will continue in order to reach the best
possible interpretation of the COSIMA observations.
___________________________________________________________________
Geosci. Instrum.
Method. Data Syst., 4, 139–148, 2015
http://www.geosci-instrum-method-data-syst.net/4/139/2015/
doi:10.5194/gi-4-139-2015
We describe the use of Bayesian
analysis methods applied to time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer
(TOF-SIMS) spectra. The method is applied to the COmetary
Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA) TOF-SIMS mass spectra where the analysis
can be broken into subgroups of lines close to integer mass values. The effects
of the instrumental dead time are discussed in a new way.
The method finds the joint
probability density functions of measured line parameters (number of lines, and
their widths, peak amplitudes, integrated amplitudes and positions). In the
case of two or more lines, these distributions can take complex forms. The
derived line parameters can be used to further calibrate the mass scaling of
TOF-SIMS and to feed the results into other analysis methods such as
multivariate analyses of spectra.
We intend to use the method, first
as a comprehensive tool to perform quantitative analysis of spectra, and second
as a fast tool for studying interesting targets for obtaining additional
TOF-SIMS measurements of the sample, a property unique to COSIMA. Finally, we
point out that the Bayesian method can be thought of as a means to solve
inverse problems but with forward calculations, only with no iterative
corrections or other manipulation of the observed data.
___________________________________________________________________
Planetary and Space Science 117 (2015) 35–44
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003206331500149X
COmetary Secondary Ion Mass
Analyzer (COSIMA) is a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
(TOF-SIMS) instrument on board the Rosetta space mission. COSIMA has been
designed to measure the composition of cometary dust particles. It has a mass
resolution m/Δm of 1400 at mass100u, thus
enabling the discrimination of inorganic mass peaks from organic ones in the
mass spectra. We have evaluated the identification capabilities of the
reference model of COSIMA for inorganic compounds using a suite of terrestrial
minerals that are relevant for cometary science. Ground calibration demon strated that the performances of the flight model were
similar to that of the reference model.
The list of minerals used in this study was chosen based on the
mineralogy of meteorites, interplanetary dust particles and Stardust samples.
It contains anhydrous and hydrous ferromagnesian silicates, refractory
silicates and oxides (present in meteoritic Ca–Al-rich inclusions), carbonates,
and Fe–Ni sulfides. From the analyses of these minerals, we have calculated
relative sensitivity factors for a suite of major and minor elements in order
to provide a basis for element quantification for the possible identification
of major mineral classes present in the cometary particles.
___________________________________________________________________
Varmuza K., Filzmoser
P., Hilchenbach M., Krüger H., Silén
J.:
Chemom. Intell. Lab.
Syst., 138, 64-71 (2014). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2014.07.011
KNN classification - evaluated by repeated double
cross validation: Recognition of minerals relevant for comet dust.
___________________________________________________________________
Planetary and Space Science 103 (2014)
309–317
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003206331400261X
After a brief review of the
instrument development and materials selection for collecting cometary dust in
the vicinity of comet 67/PChuryumov–Gerasimenko we focus on laboratory verification for the
capability of metal black targets to decelerate and capture dust particles
(velocities in the order of 100m/s; sizes of some10 μm). The results indicate that particles
between 10 and 100 μm size
can be collected with high probability. Two basic mechanisms of energy
dissipation upon impact could be identified: By internal friction within a
highly structured dust and within the black’s nanostructure. In addition to the
actual ROSETTA mission the data presented here might have a more general
relevance for future, similar in-situ investigations.
___________________________________________________________________
Kissel J., Altwegg K., Briois C., Clark
B.C., Colangeli L., Cottin
H., Czempiel S., Eibl J., Engrand C., Fehringer H.M., Feuerbacher B., Fischer H., Fomenkova
M., Glasmachers A., Greenberg J.M.,
Grün E., Haerendel G.,
Henkel H., Hilchenbach M., von Hoerner
H., Höfner H., Hornung K., Jessberger E.K., Koch A., Krüger H., Langevin Y., Martin
P., Parigger P., Raulin F.,
Rüdenauer F., Rynö J., Schmid E.R., Schulz R., Silén J., Steiger W., Stephan T.,
Thirkell L., Thomas R., Torkar
K., Utterback N.G., Varmuza K., Wanczek K.P., Werther W., Zscheeg H.:
In Schulz R., Alexander C., Boehnhardt H., Glassmeier K.H. (editors): ROSETTA: ESA's mission to the origin of the
solar system, p. 201-242, Springer, New York (2009) Abstract.
COSIMA: High resolution time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer
for the analysis of cometary dust particles onboard ROSETTA.
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